一类错误 [Type I error]

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定义: 一类错误指“错误地拒绝零假设”（Simmons et al., 2011, p. 1359），即当证据支持保留“无效应”的零假设时，却错误地拒绝了它（例如，法官误判无辜者有罪）。此时，观察到的显著效应实属偶然，却被当作真实效应并据此拒绝了零假设。

相关术语: Frequentist statistics, Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST), Null Result, *P* value, Questionable Research Practices or Questionable Reporting Practices (QRPs), Reproducibility crisis (aka Replicability or replication crisis), Scientific integrity, Statistical power, True positive result, Type II error

参考文献:

  • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632

原稿作者: Lisa Spitzer

审阅者: Mahmoud Elsherif, Adrien Fillon, Helena Hartmann, Matt Jaquiery, Mariella Paul, Charlotte R. Pennington, Graham Reid, Olly Robertson, Mirela Zaneva

翻译者: AI-driven translation tool "TransFlow" (developed by Jinbiao Yang and COSN OpenTransfer team)

译稿审阅者: Yu Xu, Liangjie Chen, Ruoting Liu, Xiujuan Wen, Shuxian Jin