不当研究行为或不当报告行为 [Questionable Research Practices or Questionable Reporting Practices (QRPs)]

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定义: 不当研究行为或报告不当行为（Questionable Research Practices or Questionable Reporting Practices，简称QRPs）指有意或无意地歪曲数据以支持研究者假设，或隐瞒此类行为的一系列行动，包括选择性纳入数据、结果已知后假设（hypothesising after the results are known，简称HARKing）、p值操纵等。该概念由John等（2012）推广。

相关术语: Creative use of outliers, Fabrication, File-drawer, Garden of forking paths, HARKing, Nonpublication of data, *P*\-hacking, *P*\-value fishing, Partial publication of data, Post-hoc storytelling, Preregistration, Questionable Measurement Practices (QMP), Researcher degrees of freedom, Reverse *p*\-hacking, Salami slicing

参考文献:

  • Banks, G. C., Rogelberg, S. G., Woznyj, H. M., Landis, R. S., & Rupp, D. E. (2016). Editorial: Evidence on questionable research practices: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9456-7
  • Fiedler, K., & Schwarz, N. (2016). Questionable research practices revisited. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615612150
  • Hardwicke, T. E., Jameel, L., Jones, M., Walczak, E. J., & Weinberg, L. M. (2014). Only human: Scientists, systems, and suspect statistics. Opticon1826, 16, 25. https://doi.org/10.5334/OPT.CH
  • John, L. K., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2012). Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling. Psychological Science, 23(5), 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611430953
  • Neuroskeptic. (2012). The nine circles of scientific hell. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(6), 643–644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459519
  • Sijtsma, K. (2016). Playing with data—Or how to discourage questionable research practices and stimulate researchers to do things right. Psychometrika, 81(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-015-9446-0

原稿作者: Mahmoud Elsherif

审阅者: Tamara Kalandadze, William Ngiam, Sam Parsons, Mariella Paul, Eike Mark Rinke, Timo Roettger, Flávio Azevedo

翻译者: AI-driven translation tool "TransFlow" (developed by Jinbiao Yang and COSN OpenTransfer team)

译稿审阅者: Zixi Wang, Liangjie Chen, Ruoting Liu, Shuxian Jin