二类错误 [Type II error]
定义: 二类错误，即假阴性结果，是指备择假设在总体中成立，但分析中错误地接受零假设的情况（Hartgerink et al., 2017）。换言之，真实效应存在却得出统计不显著的结果（例如，法官误判罪犯无罪）。相较于阳性结果，假阴性研究更少被重复验证（Fiedler et al., 2012），至今仍是科学研究的一个未解决的问题（Hartgerink et al., 2017）。
相关术语: Effect size, Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST), Questionable Research Practices or Questionable Reporting Practices (QRPs), Reproducibility crisis (aka Replicability or replication crisis), Scientific integrity, Statistical power, True positive result, Type I error
参考文献:
- Fiedler, K., Kutzner, F., & Krueger, J. I. (2012). The long way from α-error control to validity proper: Problems with a short-sighted false-positive debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(6), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612462587
- Hartgerink, C. H., Wicherts, J. M., & Van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017). Too good to be false: Nonsignificant results revisited. Collabra: Psychology, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.71
原稿作者: Olly Robertson
审阅者: Mahmoud Elsherif, Charlotte R. Pennington
翻译者: AI-driven translation tool "TransFlow" (developed by Jinbiao Yang and COSN OpenTransfer team)
译稿审阅者: Yu Xu, Liangjie Chen, Ruoting Liu, Xiujuan Wen, Shuxian Jin