假设 [Hypothesis]

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定义: 假设是指关于变量间关系的待验证命题（Glass & Hall, 2008），其提出基础可以是先前经验、科学知识、初步观察、理论和/或逻辑推理。在科学检验中，假设可分为方向性假设（例如，存在正相关关系）和非方向性假设（例如，存在相关关系）。Popper（1959）提出假设必须具有可证伪性，即必须存在证明该假设不成立的可能性。然而，基于证伪的假设检验也被认为存在模糊性，因为其依赖于假设中诸多未经检验的辅助假设。Longino （1990, 1992）提出，在生物科学领域应更重视本体异质性而非本体简单性，这意味着我们需要探究生物体之间及内部的差异性。

相关术语: Auxiliary Hypothesis, Confirmatory analyses, False negative result, False positive result, Modelling, Predictions, Quantitative research, Theory, Theory building, Type I error, Type II error

参考文献:

  • Beller, S., & Bender, A. (2017). Theory, the final frontier? A corpus-based analysis of the role of theory in psychological articles. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00951
  • Glass, D. J., & Hall, N. (2008). A brief history of the hypothesis. Cell, 134(3), 378–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.033
  • Longino, H. E. (1990). Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton University Press.
  • Longino, H. E. (1992). Taking gender seriously in philosophy of science. PSA, 2, 333–340.
  • Popper, K. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. Routledge.

原稿作者: Ana Barbosa Mendes

审阅者: Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Mahmoud Elsherif, Helena Hartmann, Charlotte R. Pennington, Graham Reid, Olly Robertson

翻译者: AI-driven translation tool "TransFlow" (developed by Jinbiao Yang and COSN OpenTransfer team)

译稿审阅者: Xuejun Ryan Ji, Liangjie Chen, Ruoting Liu, Shuxian Jin