公众对科学的信任 [Public Trust in Science]

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定义: 公众对科学的信任是指，公众对科学家为公民社会利益所创造的知识、指南与建议的信任（Hendriks et al., 2016）。这还涵盖公众对基于科学的公共卫生（例如，全民医疗、干细胞研究、联邦资助的妇女生殖权利、传染病预防、疫苗接种）、气候变化、经济政策（例如，福利、不平等和贫困控制）及其交叉领域的建议的信任。研究表明，公众对科学的信任受多种因素影响，如年龄（Anderson et al., 2012）、性别（Von Roten, 2004）、科学规范排斥（Lewandowsky & Oberauer, 2021）、政治意识形态（Azevedo & Jost, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2012; Leiserowitz et al., 2010）、右翼威权主义和社会支配倾向（Kerr & Wilson, 2021）、教育（Bak, 2001; Hayes & Tariq, 2000）、收入（Anderson et al., 2012）、科学知识（Evans & Durant, 1995; Nisbet et al., 2002）、社交媒体使用（Huber et al., 2019）及宗教信仰（Azevedo, 2021; Brewer & Ley, 2013; Liu & Priest, 2009）。

相关术语: Credibility of scientific claims, Epistemic Trust

参考文献:

  • Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095
  • Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021). The ideological basis of antiscientific attitudes: Effects of authoritarianism, conservatism, religiosity, social dominance, and system justification. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 518–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990104
  • Bak, H.-J. (2001). Education and Public Attitudes toward Science: Implications for the ‘Deficit Model’ of Education and Support for Science and Technology. Social Science Quarterly, 82(4), 779–795. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42955760
  • Brewer, P. R., & Ley, B. L. (2013). Whose Science Do You Believe? Explaining Trust in Sources of Scientific Information About the Environment. Science Communication, 35(1), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547012441691
  • Evans, G., & Durant, J. (1995). The relationship between knowledge and attitudes in the public understanding of science in Britain. Public Understanding of Science, 4(1), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/4/1/004
  • Hayes, B. C., & Tariq, V. N. (2000). Gender differences in scientific knowledge and attitudes toward science: A comparative study of four Anglo-American nations. Public Understanding of Science, 9(4), 433–447. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/9/4/306
  • Hendriks, F., Kienhues, D., & Bromme, R. (2016). Trust in science and the science of trust. Trust and Communication in a Digitized World, 143–159.
  • Huber, B., Barnidge, M., Gil de Zúñiga, H., & Liu, J. (2019). Fostering public trust in science: The role of social media. Public Understanding of Science, 28(7), 759–777. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662519869097
  • Kerr, J. R., & Wilson, M. S. (2021). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation predict rejection of science and scientists. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(4), 550–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221992126
  • Lewandowsky, S., & Oberauer, K. (2021). Worldview-motivated rejection of science and the norms of science. Cognition, 215, 104820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104820
  • Liu, H., & Priest, S. (2009). Understanding public support for stem cell research: Media communication, interpersonal communication and trust in key actors. Public Understanding of Science, 18(6), 704–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662508097625
  • Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., & Lewenstein, B. V. (2002). Knowledge, Reservations, or Promise?: A Media Effects Model for Public Perceptions of Science and Technology. Communication Research, 29(5), 584–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196
  • Schneider, J., Merk, S., & Rosman, T. (2019). (Re)Building Trust? Investigating the effects of open science badges on perceived trustworthiness in journal articles. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VGBRS
  • Wingen, T., Berkessel, J. B., & Englich, B. (2020). No Replication, No Trust? How Low Replicability Influences Trust in Psychology. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877412

原稿作者: Tobias Wingen; Flávio Azevedo

审阅者: Elias Garcia-Pelegrin, Helena Hartmann, Catia M. Oliveira, Olmo van den Akker

翻译者: AI-driven translation tool "TransFlow" (developed by Jinbiao Yang and COSN OpenTransfer team)

译稿审阅者: Zixi Wang, Liangjie Chen, Ruoting Liu, Shuxian Jin