研究人员自由度 [Researcher degrees of freedom]
定义: 研究人员自由度是指在科学过程中，研究者享有的灵活性贯穿始终，从假设生成到研究设计与实施，到数据处理与分析，再到结果解释与报告。由于缺乏明确的理论或实证证据，通常有多个不同决策都被认为同样合理。这一术语有时用来描述研究者利用灵活性来达到预期结果的机会主义行为，比如纳入或排除某些数据，但就其定义而言，术语本身并不包含价值判断。
相关术语: Analytic Flexibility, Garden of forking paths, Model uncertainty, Multiverse analysis, *P*\-hacking, Robustness (analyses), Specification curve analysis
参考文献:
- Gelman, A., & Loken, E. (n.d.). The garden of forking paths: Why multiple comparisons can be a problem, even when there is no “fishing expedition” or “p-hacking” and the research hypothesis was posited ahead of time. Retrieved from http://www.stat.columbia.edu/
- Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632
- Wicherts, J. M., Veldkamp, C. L., Augusteijn, H. E., Bakker, M., Van Aert, R., & Van Assen, M. A. (2016). Degrees of freedom in planning, running, analyzing, and reporting psychological studies: A checklist to avoid p-hacking. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832
原稿作者: Tina Lonsdorf
审阅者: Gilad Feldman, Helena Hartmann, Timo Roettger, Robbie C.M. van Aert, Flávio Azevedo
翻译者: AI-driven translation tool "TransFlow" (developed by Jinbiao Yang and COSN OpenTransfer team)
译稿审阅者: Zixi Wang, Liangjie Chen, Ruoting Liu, Shuxian Jin