p值 [p-value]
定义: p值是零假设显著性检验（Null Hypothesis Significance Testing，简称NHST）中，用于评估检验结果是否显著的关键统计量。它指的是在零假设成立的情况下，观察到某种效应或更极端效应的可能性（Lakens, 2021b）。美国统计协会声明（Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016）指出，p值不能作为零假设真假的指标，并将其定义为：“通俗地来说，p值是指定统计模型中，数据的某个统计量（如两个比较组的样本均值差）等于或比其观测值更极端的概率”（p. 131）。
相关术语: Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing (NHST), statistical significance
参考文献:
- psyTeachR Team. (n.d.). P | Glossary. psyTeachR. https://psyteachr.github.io/glossary
- Lakens, D. (2021). The Practical Alternative to the p Value Is the Correctly Used p Value. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(3), 639–648. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620958012
- Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. The American Statistician, 70, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108
原稿作者: Alaa AlDoh; Flávio Azevedo
审阅者: Jamie P. Cockcroft, Charlotte R. Pennington, Suzanne L. K. Stewart, Robbie C.M. van Aert, Marcel A.L.M. van Assen, Martin Vasilev
翻译者: AI-driven translation tool "TransFlow" (developed by Jinbiao Yang and COSN OpenTransfer team)
译稿审阅者: Zixi Wang, Liangjie Chen, Ruoting Liu, Shuxian Jin